According to data from Brown’s department, city staff have responded to 375 encampments so far this year. That’s way up from 343 during all of last year and 248 in 2021. In 2020, the first year with comparable data, there were just 65.

Brown said no one has to sleep outside because there’s always space at one of the city’s emergency shelters, on an overflow mat or in an arena used as a physical distancing centre.

But there are all sorts of reasons that might push someone to prefer a tent in a forest clearing or near an old train track, Brown said, such as addiction, mental health issues, trauma or just the search for tranquillity and a bit of space to breathe.

“Really it comes down to their personal preference of where they feel safe, what their kind of prior experience is,” he said. “A lot of them have past trauma.”