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iPhone 15 Pro tech specs page: “USB 3 (up to 10Gb/s)” with a footnote that says “USB 3 cable with 10Gb/s speed required.”
A regular need for high-speed data transfers is legitimately a “pro” use case. You need the Pro model and you need to buy a thick, stiff high-speed cable.
I’m pretty certain that the USB IF decided to use the max possible Gbps as the cable rating, rather than the mess that was
USB 3.0 USB 3.1 USB 3.1 (Gen 1) USB 3.1 (Gen 2) …
So it’s more likely apple are just being specific in the type of cable you need.