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The type of sail you’re referring to is ‘bermuda-rigged’, like the smaller ones at the front of the boat in the picture. The big ones in the middle of the picture are ‘square-rigged’ which are really only good for sailing downwind.
I think the square rigged sails could be rotated, so you could sail with a cross wind. You would just have a fair amount of trouble sailing upwind.
Maybe, although I haven’t seen anyone doing it. I’m guessing you would need a sheet to each corner to trim the sail tightly enough which I think would be too much of a headache for the crew. Worth thinking about tho, especially in a castaway situation!